Художественное наследие. Исследования. Реставрация. Хранение 2782-5027 10.24412/2782-5027-2025-4-40-52 Хранение экспонатов с химическими волокнами Storage of exhibits made of chemical fibers Ермакова Нина Владимировна Ermakova Nina V. nvl-ermakova@mail.ru кандидат исторических наук; ФГБНИУ «ГОСНИИР», ведущий специалист отдела научной реставрации произведений прикладного искусства Candidate of Historical Sciences; The State Research Institute for Restoration, leading specialist of Department of Scientific Restoration of Works of Applied Art 30 12 2025 4 (16) 41 53

В статье рассмотрены проблемы хранения музейных предметов из искусственных и синтетических волокон. Значительную роль в деградации полимерных материалов играет как внутренняя структура, образующаяся в результате синтеза из множества различных компонентов с помощью сложных и агрессивных технологий, так и многие внешние факторы: свет, влажность, состав воздуха, загрязнения, биологическое и механическое воздействие. Иногда продлить долговечность экспонатов этой группы позволяют стандартные параметры микроклимата музейных хранилищ, но большинство полимерных волокон из-за своей нестабильности нуждаются в создании особых режимов хранения. Для разработки индивидуальных рекомендаций требуется определить причины, степень и тип деградации материалов, чтобы исключить неблагоприятное влияние основных факторов разрушения. К сожалению, создать условия, замедляющие процесс старения химических волокон, не всегда удается, и в отношении их будущего важно быть реалистами и успеть запечатлеть память об артефактах, теряющих свою первоначальную функцию в материальном или эстетическом смысле. Для сохранения социокультурной и исторической информации, содержащейся в объектах этой группы, хранителями и реставраторами было предложено несколько решений.

The article discusses the problems of storing museum objects made of artificial and synthetic fibers. An important role in the degradation of polymer materials is played by both the internal structure formed as a result of synthesis from many different components using complex and aggressive technologies, as well as many external factors: light, humidity, air composition, pollution, biological and mechanical effects. Sometimes the standard parameters of the microclimate of museum storages allow extending the durability of exhibits of this group, but most polymer fibers, due to their instability, need to create special storage modes. To develop individual recommendations, it is necessary to determine the causes, degree and type of degradation of materials in order to exclude the adverse influence of the main factors of destruction. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to create conditions that slow down the aging process of chemical fibers, and it is important to be realistic about their future and to be in time to capture the memory about artifacts that lose their original function in a material or aesthetic sense. Several solutions have been proposed by the curators and restorers to preserve the socio-cultural and historical information contained in the objects of this group.

 деградация искусственные нити полимеры синтетические материалы социокультурная и историческая информация химические волокна хранение chemical fibers degradation polymers regenerated threads socio-cultural and historical information storage synthetic materials Ермакова Н. В., Хребтова Ю. В. Проблемы сохранности текстильных экспонатов с химическими нитями // Современное состояние и перспективные подходы к реставрации, экспертизе и консервации художественных произведений: Сб. научных трудов III Всероссийской научно-практической конференции (с международным участием). 23 мая 2024 г. М.: ФГБОУ ВО «РГУ им. А.Н. Косыгина», 2024. С. 107 – 112. Ермакова Н. В. Факторы, влияющие на сохранность музейных предметов из химических волокон // Художественное наследие. Исследования. Реставрация. Хранение. Art Heritage. Research. Storage. Conservation. Международ. сетевое рецензируемое науч. издание. М.: ГОСНИИР, 2025. №1. С. 7 – 20. Министерство культуры Российской Федерации. Приказ от 23 июля 2020 г. №827 «Об утверждении единых правил организации комплектования, учета, хранения и использования музейных предметов и музейных коллекций». — URL: https://culture.gov.ru/upload/iblock/ac2/ac227c6e422b33b87a9e37c317031063.pdf/ (дата обращения: 05.08.2025). Heinrich D., Waentig F. Raincoats in need: Cleaning and storage of 20th century raincoats made from plasticized polyvinyl chloride // Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Textile Materials in Fashion, Design and Art: ICOM-CC Modern Materials and Contemporary Art & Textiles Working Groups Virtual Joint Interim Meeting 21 – 23 February 2023. Silva M. Investigating cellulose nitrate degradation caused by fungal attack // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 72 – 76. Ziarsolo A. P. Plastics in fashion: a review of plastic materials in modern and contemporary costume collections and their conservation // Conservar Património. 2023. №43. Р. 113 – 143. Cheung A. A study of sequins on a Cantonese opera stage curtain // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 122 – 127. Petzold L. Early elastic threads and fibres in clothing // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 48 – 52. Fenn J., Scott Williams R. Caring for plastics and rubbers. — URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/caring-plastics-rubbers.html (дата обращения: 23.08.2025). Skals I., Shashoua Y. R. Sticky oilskins and stiffened rubber: new challenges for textile conservation // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 84 – 91. Bechthold T. Wet look in 1960s furniture design: degradation of polyurethane-coated textile carrier substrates // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 128 – 133. Garside P., Lovett D. Polyurethane foam: investigating the physical and chemical consequences of degradation // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 77 – 83. Mcvicker M., Castaneda A. Plastics under cover: Silicone release paper covers for synthetic leather garments // Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Textile Materials in Fashion, Design and Art – ICOM-CC Modern Materials and Contemporary Art & Textiles Working Groups Virtual Joint Interim Meeting 21 – 23 February 2023. P. 26. Howard S. Working with synthetic fibres: the response of textile conservation to twentieth-century dress // Textile Conservation: Advances in Practice / ed. F. Lennard, P. Ewer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2010. P. 221 – 226. Apchain E. et al. A comparison between TGA, SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy to assess PVC plasticizer loss / E. Apchain, A. Royaux, O. Fichet, S. Cantin // Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2022. Vol. 57. September – October. P. 79 – 87. Lovett D., Eastop D. The degradation of polyester polyurethane: preliminary study of 1960s foam laminated dresses // Studies in conservation. 2004. Vol. 49. Issue sup2: “Modern Art, New Museum: Contribution to the Bilbao Congress 13 – 17 September 2004”. P. 100 – 104. Hodson A. The pits of despair? A preliminary study of the occurrence and deterioration of rubber dress shields // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 107 – 114. Baker R. Storage issues for contemporary textile art: a solution for one example // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 134 – 136. Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic // National Park Service. Conserve O Gram. 2010. No 8/4. The Conservation of Plastics / The Plastics Historical Society — URL: https:// plastiquarian.com/?page_id=14326 (дата обращения: 07.08.2025). Quye А. Quality matters for historical plastics: the past-making of cellulose nitrates for future preservation // From Bench to Brand and Back: The Co-Shaping of Materials and Chemists in the Twentieth Century / P. Teissier, C. C.M. Mody, Van B. Tiggelen (eds.). Cahiers François Viète. Série III. 2017. Nо2. Р. 58 – 61. Palmer A. “A bomb in the collection”: researching and exhibiting early 20th-century fashion // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 41 – 47. The Secret Life of Textiles: Synthetic Materials. — URL: https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2017/secret-life-of-textiles-synthetic (дата обращения: 09.08.2025). Rogerson C., Beigthon J. Can an artist create permanence from transience? The Schmuck Quickies of Yuka Oyama become durable // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 11 – 17. Shashoua Y. Conservation of plastics: materials science, degradation and preservation. 2008, Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Quye A. Modern Material Artefacts: a new postgraduate programme for a new era. — URL: http://textileconservation.academicblogs.co.uk/modern-material-artefacts-a-new-postgraduate-programme-for-a-new-era/ (дата обращения: 07.12.2024). Ermakova N. V., Xrebtova Yu. V. Problemy` soxrannosti tekstil`ny`x e`ksponatov s ximicheskimi nityami // Sovremennoe sostoyanie i perspektivny`e podxody` k restavracii, e`kspertize i konservacii xudozhestvenny`x proizvedenij: Sb. nauchny`x trudov III Vserossijskoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii (s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem). 23 maya 2024 g. M.: FGBOU VO «RGU im. A.N. Kosy`gina», 2024. S. 107 – 112. Ermakova N. V. Faktory`, vliyayushhie na soxrannost` muzejny`x predmetov iz ximicheskix volokon // Xudozhestvennoe nasledie. Issledovaniya. Restavraciya. Xranenie. Art Heritage. Research. Storage. Conservation. Mezhdunarod. setevoe recenziruemoe nauch. izdanie. M.: GOSNIIR, 2025. №1. S. 7 – 20. Ministerstvo kul`tury` Rossijskoj Federacii. Prikaz ot 23 iyulya 2020 g. №827 «Ob utverzhdenii ediny`x pravil organizacii komplektovaniya, ucheta, xraneniya i ispol`zovaniya muzejny`x predmetov i muzejny`x kollekcij». — URL: https://culture.gov.ru/upload/iblock/ac2/ac227c6e422b33b87a9e37c317031063.pdf/ (data obrashheniya: 05.08.2025). Heinrich D., Waentig F. Raincoats in need: Cleaning and storage of 20th century raincoats made from plasticized polyvinyl chloride // Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Textile Materials in Fashion, Design and Art: ICOM-CC Modern Materials and Contemporary Art & Textiles Working Groups Virtual Joint Interim Meeting 21 – 23 February 2023. Silva M. Investigating cellulose nitrate degradation caused by fungal attack // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 72 – 76. Ziarsolo A. P. Plastics in fashion: a review of plastic materials in modern and contemporary costume collections and their conservation // Conservar Património. 2023. №43. Р. 113 – 143. Cheung A. A study of sequins on a Cantonese opera stage curtain // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 122 – 127. Petzold L. Early elastic threads and fibres in clothing // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 48 – 52. Fenn J., Scott Williams R. Caring for plastics and rubbers. — URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/conservation-institute/services/preventive-conservation/guidelines-collections/caring-plastics-rubbers.html (data obrashheniya: 23.08.2025). Skals I., Shashoua Y. R. Sticky oilskins and stiffened rubber: new challenges for textile conservation // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 84 – 91. Bechthold T. Wet look in 1960s furniture design: degradation of polyurethane-coated textile carrier substrates // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 128 – 133. Garside P., Lovett D. Polyurethane foam: investigating the physical and chemical consequences of degradation // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 77 – 83. Mcvicker M., Castaneda A. Plastics under cover: Silicone release paper covers for synthetic leather garments // Semi-synthetic and Synthetic Textile Materials in Fashion, Design and Art – ICOM-CC Modern Materials and Contemporary Art & Textiles Working Groups Virtual Joint Interim Meeting 21 – 23 February 2023. Howard S. Working with synthetic fibres: the response of textile conservation to twentieth-century dress // Textile Conservation: Advances in Practice / ed. F. Lennard, P. Ewer. Published by Elsevier Ltd. 2010. P. 221 – 226. Apchain E. et al. A comparison between TGA, SEM-EDX and Raman spectroscopy to assess PVC plasticizer loss / E. Apchain, A. Royaux, O. Fichet, S. Cantin // Journal of Cultural Heritage. 2022. Vol. 57. September – October. P. 79 – 87. Lovett D., Eastop D. The degradation of polyester polyurethane: preliminary study of 1960s foam laminated dresses // Studies in conservation. 2004. Vol. 49. Issue sup2: “Modern Art, New Museum: Contribution to the Bilbao Congress 13 – 17 September 2004”. P. 100 – 104. Hodson A. The pits of despair? A preliminary study of the occurrence and deterioration of rubber dress shields // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 107 – 114. Baker R. Storage issues for contemporary textile art: a solution for one example // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 134 – 136. Care and Identification of Objects Made from Plastic // National Park Service. Conserve O Gram. 2010. No 8/4. The Conservation of Plastics / The Plastics Historical Society — URL: https:// plastiquarian.com/?page_id=14326 (data obrashheniya: 07.08.2025). Quye А. Quality matters for historical plastics: the past-making of cellulose nitrates for future preservation // From Bench to Brand and Back: The Co-Shaping of Materials and Chemists in the Twentieth Century / P. Teissier, C. C.M. Mody, Van B. Tiggelen (eds.). Cahiers François Viète. Série III. 2017. Nо2. Р. 58 – 61. Palmer A. “A bomb in the collection”: researching and exhibiting early 20th-century fashion // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 41 – 47. The Secret Life of Textiles: Synthetic Materials. — URL: https://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2017/secret-life-of-textiles-synthetic (data obrashheniya: 09.08.2025). Rogerson C., Beigthon J. Can an artist create permanence from transience? The Schmuck Quickies of Yuka Oyama become durable // The future of the 20th century: Collecting, interpreting and conserving modern materials / C. Rogerson, P. Garside (Eds.). AHRC RCTCTS Second Annual Conference, 2005. London, UK. 2006. P. 11 – 17. Shashoua Y. Conservation of plastics: materials science, degradation and preservation. 2008, Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Quye A. Modern Material Artefacts: a new postgraduate programme for a new era. — URL: http://textileconservation.academicblogs.co.uk/modern-material-artefacts-a-new-postgraduate-programme-for-a-new-era/ (data obrashheniya: 07.12.2024).